Julius Caesar - Dictator of the Roman Republic

Gaius Julius Caesar (100BC to 44BC) is one the most popular person in the world history. He was born in Subura, Rome. During 60 B.C Caesar came into politics to alliance with Pompey and Crassus, and then he ruled Roman politics for several years.

In 61BC to 60 BC he worked as a Spain Governor under Rome province. The next year he was appointed as a Governor of Gaul. Few parts of Gaul only rules by Romans and others were occupied by Gaul tribes. The tribes were gives more trouble to Romans. First time Caesar gathered his military and captured the tribe’s area. Then he captured the modern France and Belgium to extend Roman Empire. He is the first Roman who invades Britain through Rhine River.

Caesar’s victory in the war gave a big name in the Rome and the people. At that time Julius Caesar became most popular person in Rome Republic. In 49 BC Caesar became leader of the Rome Empire. Later his attitudes changed and he declared himself as a dictator for a life. Central power of Rome can’t digest his moves and his dictatorship in Rome Empire. They planned to murder Julius Caesar and assassinate him in 44BC.  

Julius Caesar “Dictator of the Roman Republic”.

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan (1206-1227) was a great Mongol warrior. He was a founder of Mongol empire by uniting the northeast Asian tribes. He was originally called as “Temujin” but after founding the Mongol empire he announce himself as “Genghis Khan”. 

He captured most of the Eurasia and invaded various Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties, few parts in Middle East Asia, Russia and Eastern Europe.  Before his death he captured sub continent of central Asia and china.

Genghis Khan is still famous for mass massacres. During his invasion in Khwarezmia he killed almost all the civilians in the nation. Mongol empires killed 40 million innocent people during their invasions. "Genghis Khan" the name which always gives a fearsome look in history.

Modern Mongolians are celebrating him as a founder and father of Mongolia. 

Battle of Marathon

The First Persian invasion on Greece begins in 490 BC. The war between citizen of Athens and Persian force starts at the place called “Marathon, Greece”. At first Persian force captured few places in marathon with the help of 600 ships and 100,000 soldiers. Later 10,000 Athenians and Plataeans were attack the Persians with tremendous force. In this battle there were 6,400 Persians killed and 6 war ships were destroyed by Greece but only 192 Greece were killed in this battle.

The Greece runner “Pheidippides” who runs 26 miles and 385 yards from the battle field into Athens and Says “Nike Nike” (Victory, Victory) then he dropped dead at that place. The long distance race was named “Marathon “after this battle.

War of Kadesh

In 1275 B.C, the great war between Hittite Empire and Egyptian Empire in the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River. Muwatali II (Hittite Empire) with 50,000 soldiers including 3,700 chariots and Ramesses II (Egyptian empire) with 20,000 soldiers was involved in the battle. Finally both empires claim victory.

The War of Kadesh was the first battle in the history to be recorded with full details. And also greatest chariots fought ever in the history merely 5,000 to 6,000 chariots used in this battle.

Cyrus the Great

Cyrus the Great (600 BC or 576 BC – 530BC) was a great warrior and the founder of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. Cyrus the Great was one the largest empire in the world. He expands his regain mostly southwest Asia, central Asia, and Indus River in east and up to part of Europe Mediterranean Sea in west. His achievements in Human rights, politics, war strategies and also he had an influence of both western and eastern cultural.

He also known as King of Babylon, King of Persia, King of Media, King of Anshan, Akkad and King of Sumer, King of the four corners of the World.

Spartans

Sparta is the ancient city of Greece and its peoples are called “Spartan”. Spartans soldiers were had no fear and  bravest warriors in the world. They were specially trained for war and fighting to serve in military. At the age of 7 Spartan boys were leaved their family and start training for battle. They have to spend their whole life in military only. By birth, male Spartans must appear strong otherwise the city officials will leave the kid on the hill to die.

Alexander The Great

Alexander III the Macedon (356 BC Pella – 323 BC Babylon) was a king of Macedon (Northern part of Greece). In Ancient history, Alexander the Great Considered one the largest empire in the world at the age of 30. He was a student of Great philosopher called “Aristotle”. In his lifetime he never undefeated by anyone and his kingdom stretched from Lonian sea to Himalaya. After the series of invasion, he was fall in ill and died in Babylon at 323 BC.

While he was ten, the horse was traded from Thessaly. The horse refused to mount anyone and Phillip ordered to take away. Finally, Alexander managed to turn and controlled the horse and then he named the horse “Bucephalus”. Phillip was amazed by Alexander brave act and says “"My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. Macedon is too small for you". Throughout the whole journeys of Alexander was combined with “Bucephalus”. During the Invasion of India, Bucephalus was killed.

Alexander invaded Thrace, Illyria, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Babylonia, Persia, Sogdiana, and part of India.  He had titles “King of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Shah-an-shah of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt and Lord of Asia”.

Chandraguptha Maurya

In 323 B.C., after the death of Alexander the new wave started in India and its sub continent. A man who defeat the strong Magadha kingdom from the Ganges valley and after next 24 years he conquered the northern India.

His name was called Chandraguptha Maurya (340 BC – 298 BC) and he was trained by the great Chanakya who had wide knowledge in economics, politics, military war, foreign affairs, administration and religion. He was a personal adviser for Chandragutha, without him there is no Mauryan empire.

In 322 B.C Chandraguptha Maurya defeat and overthrown the Nandha dynasty. He found a new empire called “Maurya Empire”. In 303 BC the war between Greek satrapies and Mauryans, he defeats the Greek king Macedonian and crowned as King of Taxila. After his death his grandson Ashoka the Great became the king of Mauyran Empire.

Battle of Gaugamela

Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC) was one of the greatest battles between Alexander the Great (Macedon) and Darius III of Persia (Achaemenid Empire).  Darius III was ready with his infantry, chariots and war elephants to fight against Alexander. Darius III suppose to won that battle but due to Alexander’s cleaver war tactics which defeat the massive Persians and his scouting force captured merely 4,000 Persian war talents.  

The other name of Battle is also known as “Battle of Arebela”.

Alexander placed various types of war tactics and attacks. Sometimes night attack also which made Persians army with more fear and Darius III awake his army even at night. 

Ashoka the Great

Ashoka the Great (304 BC- 232 BC) was a famous ancient Indian emperor who ruled from 269 BC to 232 BC. He was king of Maurya Dynasty and the grandson of Chandraguptha Maurya.  His regime was starts from part of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan in western part, Assam and Bangladesh at east, Kerala and Andra pradesh at southern part.

The Kalinga War: (265-264BC)

Ashoka invade the Kingdom of Kalinga (Bihar), before no one invades that kingdom of Kalinga from Maurya dynasty except Ashoka. He fought against with the Kalinga King “Raja Anantha Padmanabhan”. In this war there were more than 100,000 soldiers and including Kalinga civilians were killed in both sides. Ashoka had seen thousands of army men, women and civilians were killed in the war field with the bloodshed. It causes a great destruction in king Ashoka’s mind.

After the war of Kalinga, Ashoka embraced Buddhism due to the strong impact in the war of Kalinga. Later he decides to spread Buddhism to all over Asia. He played an important for the development of Buddhism in India.

Yoshio Nishina

Yoshio Nishina (1890-1951) was a famous Japan physicist and the father of modern physics in Japan. Yoshio was a co-author of “Klein-Nishina Formula”. He was also discovered the Uranium-237 isotopes (1939-1940). He was head of the “Japanese Atomic Program” during the Second World War. 

After his studies he joined in Institute of Physical and Chemical Research and visited to various study centers and University of Copenhagen Europe for research projects. In University of Copenhagen he worked with Niels Bohr (who is closely associated with Albert Einstein) for his research. He was founded the Nishina Laboratory in Japan and he invite some Western scholars like Bohr, Dirac and Heisenberg. Emperor of Japan awarded Nishina as “order of Culture” in 1946. In 1951 Nishina was died due to liver cancer. 

Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) was a great Astronomer and made a great revolution in astronomy. He was born in Thorn, Kingdom of Poland. Nicolaus Copernicus was the first person who disproved earth is not the center of Universe and also formulates a new concept in astronomy called “Heliocentric Cosmology”.

Copernican Revolution:

Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the new concept in the field of astronomy called “Heliocentric model” which explain the sun is the center of the universe and also he observed and demonstrated some motions of celestial objects without earth. Through this investigation, Copernicus proved the earth is not a center of the universe. It was considered as a first starting point of scientific revolution and development of modern astronomy. In 1543, before his death, he published a book called “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” which clearly described the scientific investigations about the center of the universe.

His works are often referred to as the “Copernican Revolution” in the history of science. Later, great astronomers Johann Kepler and Galilieo Galilee developed the Copernicus heliocentric model which made controversy and objections in the Catholic Church as well as it made a great revolution in astronomy.

Nicolaus Copernicus was also a Physician, Classical scholar, translator, mathematician, multilingual person, military diplomat, economist, jurist, and governor.

Aristotle Armenian genocide Black war charles darwin civilization edmond halley evolution Felice Beato food history freedom galileo genocide Ghaznavid dynasty Ghazni Mahmud Great Greek Philosophers help japan history History of Rice indian history Indian National Navy indus valley inventor jallianwallah baghjapan Johann Kepler last women Mars mass suicidemassacre mohenja daro mughal empire nicolaus copernicus Origin of Species Philosophy Plato riceRobert Bunsen Socrates Tasmanian Aborigines Genocidetimerlane Timur war war history world famous Astronomer world history world history ancient historyworld history chemist

Socrates

Socrates (469 BC- 399 BC) was a great Greek classic philosopher in Athens. He played a prominent role in the formation of western philosophy. His students Plato and Xenophon worked for the foundation of western philosophy. Many claims most of the Plato’s dialogues were from the accounts of Socrates writing in olden days. 

The concept of Socrates irony and Socrates methods commonly used for wide range of discussion. Socrates made a great contribution in the field of Epistemology and Logic, and his ideas were provide a strong influence for the foundation of western philosophy. At the age of 71 Socrates accused for “Corrupting the Athens youth mind” and sentenced for death.

Socrates Quotations:

“The unexamined life is not worth living.”

-Socrates, in Plato, Dialogues, Apology

“If a man is proud of his wealth, he should not be praised until it is known how he employs it.”

   -Socrates

“The only good is knowledge and the only evil is ignorance.”

   -Socrates

“I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.”

   -Socrates

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a great Italian scientific who played a vital in the Modern Scientific Revolution. He was a physicist, philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer.   He developed the telescope successfully and applied for astronomical observation of stars, planets, and moons.  He is well known for the telescope, kinematics, dynamics, and Heliocentrism.

Galileo used his telescope for astronomical observations and he showed the telescopic confirmation of the Venus and he discovered four moons in the Jupiter during his observation. Later the moons were called “Galilean Moons” to honor his work and also Galileo analysis the sunspots in the sun (black dots in sun).

Galileo has been called as “Father of Modern Science”, Father of Science”, Father of Modern Physics” and “Father of Modern Observational astronomy”.

 

Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science."

Galileo invents an improved Military compass and other instruments using applied science and technology.  Galileo supported Nicolaus Copernicus view about Heliocentrism. They disproved “Earth is not in the center of the universe” (geocentric view). After 1610, he publically a supports the Copernicus view about geocentric or Helio-centrism and placed the sun as the center of the universe.  In 1616, the Catholic Church warned Galileo and helio-centrism ideas and also censored those ideas. In 1632, Galileo published “Dialogue concerning the two Chief World Systems” in this book he wrote some details about the helio-centrism in an indirect way. Even though he was a founded for the suspect and Catholic Church ordered to place Galileo under house arrest and he spent his whole life in house arrest.

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was an English Naturalist and also world famous controversial theorist who published a book called “On the Origin of Species” about evolution in 1859. The book describe the theoretical  evidence about the” Evolution of Species” and also reject the concepts of “Transmution of Species”.

The general public and scientific communities accepted the Evolution of Fact only after 1870’s. Darwin’s scientific discoveries are became the backbone of “Modern Life science” and clearly explains the “diversity of life” in earth. Still religious centers are not accept and rejecting Darwin’s theories as well as his human evolution ideas.

He rejects his medical education in University of Edinburg. Due to his early interest in life science lets him to investigate the Marine Invertebrates. Darwin started a detail investigation and convinced his work the theory of natural selection in 1838. He examined sexual selection in” The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex” and Human Evolution “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” in 1871.

After his death he was honored as pre-eminence of science and buried near the John Herschel and Isaac Newton.

Edmond Halley - Astronomer

Edmond Halley FRS (Nov 1656 – Jan 1742) was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain following John Flamsteed. 

He spent most of his lifetime in lunar observation. “Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion”  theory attract his attention and he met Sir Issac Newton in Cambridge to discuss Kepler’s theory to solve a problem in it. He was well known for computing the orbit of Halley’s Comet.

He was also known as an English astronomer, mathematician. physicist, meteorologist, and Geophysicist. 

Mohenja Daro - Indus Valley Civilization

During 2600 BC, People built a new and well planned city called “Mohenja-Daro” one of the largest urban settlements of the “Indus Valley Civilization” and it situated in Sindh, Pakistan. The city layout is well planned on Street-grid of rectilinear buildings and it’s built with mud-bricks and wooden superstructures. 

There is merely 3500 residence, public buildings and social organization buildings. UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized this city as ancient archeological site.

Timur

Timur (1336-1405) founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty. He ruled 35 years from 1370. He is known as "Tamerlane". He was born in Turkic (Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan).  He was also a great-grandson of Babur, Founder of Mughal Dynasty.

While he captured the city of Aleppo, he told: "I am not a man of blood, and God is my witness that in all my wars I have never been the aggressor and that my enemies have always been the authors of their own calamity."

In 1398 he invaded Delhi, India. He faced 120 war elephants were the tasks put poison. He used fire sticks and place fire bag which tied with camel and they sent the camels towards the elephants to made panic. Then he captured the city and 100,000 captivities were prisoned.

In 1400 he invaded the Christians in Georgia and Armenia. He captured 60,000 local people as slaves and most of the people were relocated. In 1401 he captured Baghdad and he killed 20,000 people.

  

Tasmanian Aborigines Genocide

During 1803 – 1823 British colonialist captured the Tasmanian island and killed thousands of  Tasmanian Tribes. In 1828 Lt.Governor George Arthur declared a law called “Black Catching”. They have thrown all the Tasmanian into the forest. Later British colonialist started hunting the Tasmanians and killed them.

Before 1803, 3,000 to 15,000 Aborigines were lived. After the British invasion 1860,s it became reduced. Only 72 men, 3 women, and a few children. They were treated like a slave.

In 1869, it became very worse only 3 females and 1 male was lived.

Last Survivor in Tasmanian Aborigines "Palawa"

Last full-blooded “Palawa” Tasmanian Aborigine female called “Trugernanner”. Even her’s last request was refused by the colonials and she’s died in 1872.  The Tasmanian chapter comes an end.

Felice Beato or Felix Beato

Felice Beato or Felix Beato (1832-1909), was one of the first war photographer and his photographs represent the first substantial works are called “Photo-Journalism”. His genres of works were war photography, Portraits, views and Panorama of the landscape and Architecture.

Beato’s travels too many places, even remote places in Europe, Asia, Japan, and North America to take pictures. He came to Asia captured some valuable pictures during the Second Opium War and Indian Rebellion of 1857. Beato’s influenced in Japan, where he worked with numerous photographers.

Robert Bunsen

Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (1811-1899) was a German Chemist and a Pioneer in Photo-chemistry. With his assistant help, he developed the “Bunsen burner” for laboratory usage. 


In 1860 he discovery “Caesium” and next year 1861 he discovered another element called “Rubidium”. He introduced various methods for Gas-analytics. 

Johann Kepler

Johann Kepler (1571-1630) was a great German Astronomer and Mathematician. He found the Planet Mars is moving around the sun in an ellipse shape but not in a perfect circle. In the 17th century, he created a great scientific revolution in the field of Astronomy. His well-known theory called "Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Kepler conjecture".

His famous works are "Harmony of the world, The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos, New Astronomy, On the New Star in Ophiuchus's Foot  and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy"

Armenian Genocide

Dead Armenian girl in Aleppo desert

Armenian Genocide (1892 - 1917)

During 1892-1894, 80,000 to 300,000 Armenians were lost there life and 1915-1919, There were merely 1.5 million Armenians lost their life...

Ghazni Mahmud

Mahmud of Ghazni ( 971 - 1030), was the most famous ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty who ruled 33years until his death. He was the first ruler to carry the title called Sultan.

He turned the former provincial city of Ghazni into the wealthy capital and extended up to today's Iran, Afghanistan as well as Pakistan and North-West India. His first campaign was against the Qarakhanid Empire in 999.

He invaded Indian subcontinent but he never kept a permanent presence such as Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kanauj, Kalinjar, Somnath, Maheshwar, Jwalamukhi, Narunkot and Dwarka.

Jallianwallah Bagh

Jallianwallah Bagh: April 13, 1919

Merely 376 Indians were killed. There were 120 bodies (mostly women and children) were plucked off the well. But Indian National Congress says " the toll rate is 1,000 - 1,500".

General Dyer Statement:
Dyer said he would have used his machine guns if he could have got them into the enclosure, but these were mounted on armored cars. He said he did not stop firing when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his ...duty to keep firing until the crowd dispersed, and that a little firing would do no good. In fact he continued the firing till he ran out of ammunition.

He confessed that he did not take any steps to tend to the wounded after the firing. "Certainly not. It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there," was his response.

History of Rice

The Chinese and Vietnamese were the first people who grew rice during 10,000 to 4000 B.C., then its spread to srilanka, India, southern European countries and northern Africa. During 19th century British introduced rice into America.

Great Greek Philosophers

*Socrates ( 469 BC–399 BC) condemned to death for "corrupting youth of Athens".*Plato (428 BC – 347 BC) a student of Socrates, founder of Academy.*Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC)  a student of Plato & teacher of Alexander the great, son of Philip of Macedon.

Japan - Mass Suicide

 

Mass Suicide: 80,000 japanese civilians were killed them-self. The Battle of Okinawa, codenamed Operation Iceberg - 1945, Estimated 42,000–150,000 civilians were killed during the war. In 1945, Winston Churchill called the battle "among the most intense and famous in military history."

Indian Freedom

Origin of Indian freedom strike in Bombay 1946

The Royal Indian Navy mutiny (also called the Bombay Mutiny) encompasses a total strike and subsequent mutiny by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay (Mumbai) harbor on 18 February 1946. From the initial flash point in Bombay, the mutiny spread and found support throughout British India, from Karachi to Calcutta and ultimately came to involve 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors.

Leading Signalman M.S Khan and Petty Officer Telegraphist Madan Singh were unanimously elected President and Vice-President respectively. The strike found immense support among the Indian population, already gripped by the stories of the Indian National Army.

The actions of the mutineers was supported by demonstrations which included a one-day general strike in Bombay. The strike spread to other cities, and was joined by the Royal Indian Air Force and local police forces.

Naval officers and men began calling themselves the "Indian National Navy" and offered left-handed salutes to British officers. At some places, NCOs in the British Indian Army ignored and defied orders from British superiors. In Madras and Pune, the British garrisons had to face revolts within the ranks of the Indian Army. Widespread rioting took place from Karachi to Calcutta.