Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) was a great Astronomer and made a great revolution in astronomy. He was born in Thorn, Kingdom of Poland. Nicolaus Copernicus was the first person who disproved earth is not the center of Universe and also formulates a new concept in astronomy called “Heliocentric Cosmology”.

Copernican Revolution:

Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the new concept in the field of astronomy called “Heliocentric model” which explain the sun is the center of the universe and also he observed and demonstrated some motions of celestial objects without earth. Through this investigation, Copernicus proved the earth is not a center of the universe. It was considered as a first starting point of scientific revolution and development of modern astronomy. In 1543, before his death, he published a book called “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” which clearly described the scientific investigations about the center of the universe.

His works are often referred to as the “Copernican Revolution” in the history of science. Later, great astronomers Johann Kepler and Galilieo Galilee developed the Copernicus heliocentric model which made controversy and objections in the Catholic Church as well as it made a great revolution in astronomy.

Nicolaus Copernicus was also a Physician, Classical scholar, translator, mathematician, multilingual person, military diplomat, economist, jurist, and governor.

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Socrates

Socrates (469 BC- 399 BC) was a great Greek classic philosopher in Athens. He played a prominent role in the formation of western philosophy. His students Plato and Xenophon worked for the foundation of western philosophy. Many claims most of the Plato’s dialogues were from the accounts of Socrates writing in olden days. 

The concept of Socrates irony and Socrates methods commonly used for wide range of discussion. Socrates made a great contribution in the field of Epistemology and Logic, and his ideas were provide a strong influence for the foundation of western philosophy. At the age of 71 Socrates accused for “Corrupting the Athens youth mind” and sentenced for death.

Socrates Quotations:

“The unexamined life is not worth living.”

-Socrates, in Plato, Dialogues, Apology

“If a man is proud of his wealth, he should not be praised until it is known how he employs it.”

   -Socrates

“The only good is knowledge and the only evil is ignorance.”

   -Socrates

“I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.”

   -Socrates

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a great Italian scientific who played a vital in the Modern Scientific Revolution. He was a physicist, philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer.   He developed the telescope successfully and applied for astronomical observation of stars, planets, and moons.  He is well known for the telescope, kinematics, dynamics, and Heliocentrism.

Galileo used his telescope for astronomical observations and he showed the telescopic confirmation of the Venus and he discovered four moons in the Jupiter during his observation. Later the moons were called “Galilean Moons” to honor his work and also Galileo analysis the sunspots in the sun (black dots in sun).

Galileo has been called as “Father of Modern Science”, Father of Science”, Father of Modern Physics” and “Father of Modern Observational astronomy”.

 

Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science."

Galileo invents an improved Military compass and other instruments using applied science and technology.  Galileo supported Nicolaus Copernicus view about Heliocentrism. They disproved “Earth is not in the center of the universe” (geocentric view). After 1610, he publically a supports the Copernicus view about geocentric or Helio-centrism and placed the sun as the center of the universe.  In 1616, the Catholic Church warned Galileo and helio-centrism ideas and also censored those ideas. In 1632, Galileo published “Dialogue concerning the two Chief World Systems” in this book he wrote some details about the helio-centrism in an indirect way. Even though he was a founded for the suspect and Catholic Church ordered to place Galileo under house arrest and he spent his whole life in house arrest.

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was an English Naturalist and also world famous controversial theorist who published a book called “On the Origin of Species” about evolution in 1859. The book describe the theoretical  evidence about the” Evolution of Species” and also reject the concepts of “Transmution of Species”.

The general public and scientific communities accepted the Evolution of Fact only after 1870’s. Darwin’s scientific discoveries are became the backbone of “Modern Life science” and clearly explains the “diversity of life” in earth. Still religious centers are not accept and rejecting Darwin’s theories as well as his human evolution ideas.

He rejects his medical education in University of Edinburg. Due to his early interest in life science lets him to investigate the Marine Invertebrates. Darwin started a detail investigation and convinced his work the theory of natural selection in 1838. He examined sexual selection in” The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex” and Human Evolution “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” in 1871.

After his death he was honored as pre-eminence of science and buried near the John Herschel and Isaac Newton.